你好!我是英语师范学校毕业的。希望我的理解可以给你带来帮助~
其实,虚拟语气和IF条件句最大的区别只有一个。那就是:虚拟语气所表达的事件都是“假设”的,也就是“非真实的”。比如,我说:“要是今天天气好的话,我们就可以出去玩了。”这句话就需要用虚拟语气来翻译。而if条件句,它仅仅起的是条件作用。举个例子说明一下:他再不快点,上学就要迟到了。在这句话中,你应该可以看出,“他”还没有迟到。但是“他”快要迟到了,这时,这句话的条件就是“快点”,如果他快点,就不会迟到,反之就会迟到,是不是这个道理呢?
刚才是用中文举例,现在用英文再翻译伍冲一下。在上或橘悉面一句虚拟语气句中,由于所“假设”的事情是“今天”,在“过去、现在、将来”中属于当中一个,在虚拟语气中,与“现在”事实相反的时候,主句用主语+动词原形,if从句用should+动词原形。那么,翻译时就应该是:If it is fine today,we should go out to play.
而刚才那句条件句就可以翻译为:He will be late for school if he don't hurry up.
由于我时间有限,就不和你多讲了,给你一些参考资料,你可以自己看一下啊~有问题再问我,我一定尽量回复你!
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实衫乎,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四级第44题)
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四级第46题)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略),根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四级第38题)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测, 建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话,我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华,我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间,我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中,表示祝愿,命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快!
You go out!
你出去!
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气, 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望,要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中,"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中,that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用: should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时,动词有三种时态形式,即现在,过去和将来。
与现在事实相反的:
条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
与过去事实相反的:
条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你,我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间,我会学习法语的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话,她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床,就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好,我就去买东西。
有关虚拟语气的几个问题:
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if,而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点, 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址,他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略,而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中,条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
一、性质不同
1、虚拟语气:主要用来耐宴表示假设,而非客观存在的事实,所陈述的是一个条件,不一定是事实,甚至完全与事实相反。
2、条件句:一种表示假设的主从复合句,一般由连词 if 引导的条件从句引出某种假设,再由主句表示基于这种假设下的反馈。
二、分类不同
1、虚拟语气分类:
(1)陈述语气
在陈述句、疑问句和一些感叹句中,表示行为或状态是客观的、确定的或事实的。如:
Iraq is an Asian country.
译文:伊拉克是亚洲国家仿键。(肯定句)
(2)祈使语气
表示发言者对另一方的请求、警告、建议或命令。如:
Please come over here.
译文:请到这边来。
(3)虚拟语气
虚拟语气是指说话人的主观愿望、怀疑、建议或者假设与事实不符,而不是客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是用句子中谓词的特殊形式来表达的。如:
If I were a bird,I would be able to fly in the air.
译文:如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
2、条件句分类:
(1)真实条件句:
表示当条件子句假定的操作实际发生时,主语子句的操作的反馈。
Si di moriuntur, quis Romanos iuvat?
译文:如果[一旦]众神死去,谁来帮助罗马人呢?[众神有无死去,说话者不能确定]
(2)非真实条件句:
这意味着,当条件条款假定的行为不是客观发生的,而是主观虚构的,主句动作的反馈。[所谓的与事实相反]。
Si di morerentur, quis Romanos iuvaret?
译文: 假如众神都死去了,谁还会来帮助罗马人呢?[说话者非常肯定,众神没有死去,也未离开罗马人]
扩展资料:
虚拟语气也用于表示假想的错误、与事实相反或难以实现的情况,以及表达主观愿望或某些强烈的情绪。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议昌大银,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。
主要是英语语法的一种表达。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。
参考资料来源:百度百科-条件句
参考资料来源:百度百科-虚拟语气
if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气
if引导的条件状语从句可以分为两类:真实条件句(Sentences
of
Real
Condition)和虚拟条件句.凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大,就是真实条件句;当假设是不大可能实现时旁耐嫌,就是虚拟条件句.如:
If
I
have
time,I
will
help
you
with
this
work.如果我有时间,我会帮助你做的.
If
time
permits,we'll
go
fishing
together.如果有时间的话,我们就一起去钓鱼.
If
I
were
you
,I
would
have
attended
the
meeting.我要是你的话,就去参加会议了.
If
he
had
come
here
yesterday,he
would
have
seen
his
old
friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话,就会看见他的老朋友.
下面我们一起看看if在条件状语从句中的虚拟语气.
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况.其句子结构为:从句:if
+
主语+
动词的过去式(be
用were)
+
……主句:主语+
would
(should,could
,might)
+
动词原形+
……
If
I
were
you,I
would
read
it
again.如果我是你的话,我再读一遍.(事实上我不是运手你)
If
he
hurried,he
could
catch
the
first
bus.他要是快点能够赶上头班公共
汽车.(可他不急)
If
she
knew
English,she
would
not
ask
me
for
help.如果她懂英文,她就不必要我帮了.
2.表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句.其句子结构为:从句:If
+
主语+
had
+过去完成式动词+
……主句:主语+
would
(should,could,might)
+
have
+过去完成式动词+……
If
you
had
taken
my
advice,you
would
not
have
made
such
a
mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误.(事实上你没有亩颤听我的劝告)
If
it
had
rained
yesterday,we
would
have
stayed
at
home.如果昨天下雨的话,我们就会留在家里.
If
I
hadn’t
been
ill
yesterday,I
might
have
come
to
school.昨天要是不生病,我是可能来上学的.(事实上我生病了)
If
you
had
studied
harder
last
term,you
could
have
passed
the
exam.如果你在上个学期用功一些,你就会在考试中过关了.
3.表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句
(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大).其句子结构为:从句:If
+
主语+
should
(或were)
+
动词原形+……主句:主语+
would
(could,should,might)
+
动词原形+……
If
it
should
rain
tomorrow,I
would
stay
at
home.如果明天下雨的话,我将待在家里.(根据天气情况,明天不可能下雨)
If
he
came
tomorrow,I
would
do
it
with
him.如果明天他来的话,我将和他一起做此事.(事实上他来的可能性很小)
If
he
were
here,I
would
give
him
the
books.如果他在这儿,我可能会把书给他.
虚拟语气概念 :虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。
虚拟语气用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等
条件句可分为两类:
一类为真实条件句,
一类为非真实条件句。(虚拟语气"其中"一种用法就是用于非真实条件句)表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟和轮语气。
eg If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. ( 真实条件状语)
If I were you, I would go at once. (非真实条件状语从句)
其实这两句话都属与if条件句.只是第二句用了虚拟语气.
补充.虚拟语气与if条件句吵胡并不具有可比性.他们是两个概念
有的if 条件句里包含虚拟语气(非真实条件升棚拦句)
有的if 条件句不包含虚拟语气(真实条件句